Bot. doi: 10.1614/WS-07-147.1, Mauromicale, G., Restuccia, G., and Marchese, A. Z., Huang, K., Wickett, N. J., Alford, S., et al. (2007a). This parasite extracts all its nutrients at the host's expense so that host-parasite trophic relationships are crucial to determine host and parasite growth. Transgenic Res. In absence of host detection the continuation of wet conditions allows broomrape seeds to enter again in deeper levels of dormancy, from which they will emerge upon the new onset of sequenced dry/wet seasons carrying new opportunities to encounter suitable hosts (Kebreab and Murdoch, 1999; Lpez-Granados and Garca-Torres, 1999). (2013). doi: 10.1111/j.1445-6664.2009.00340.x, Drr, I. Engineered host crops harboring herbicide-resistance transgenes have not yet been commercialized for broomrape management (Gressel, 20092). A simple method for stabilizing and granulating fungi. Barry M. Goldwater Range (BMGR), West Cultural Affiliation Study. (2014). (2010). The long-term approach to parasitic weeds control: manipulation of specific developmental mechanisms of the parasite. A new class of conjugated strigolactone analogues with fluorescent properties: synthesis and biological activity. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Orobanche Research, eds K. Wegmann and L. J. Musselman (Obermarchtal, FRG: Eberhard Karls Universitt), 147156. J. In addition, some modifications of host biochemistry have been described in tolerant crops inducing low performance of the parasite when attached. Parasite population Broomrape seeds were originally collected in Serbia from sunflower hybrids known to be resistant to race E. This broomrape population was designated as LP12BSR and was used in a previous study as . Many other interesting examples of trap crops emerged from a root exudates screening of important crops (Fernndez-Aparicio et al., 2009b). Evaluation of the pathogenicity of microorganisms isolated from Egyptian broomrape (Orobanche aegyptiaca) in Israel. Induced disease resistance mediated by endogenous salicylic acid (SA) also described as systemic acquired resistance (SAR) induces hypersensitive responses in many plant species against fungal, bacterial and viral diseases. Barghouthi, S., and Salman, M. (2010). A., and Rubiales, D. (2008b). Biol. Gworgwor, N. A., and Weber, H. C. (1991). If left uncontrolled during one or a few seasons, broomrape weeds build a hardly destructible seed bank in agricultural soils that further renovates at a rate of millions of seeds per ha each year a susceptible crop is infested. These plants are best known by their straw-yellow stems, which are completely free of chlorophyll and have blue, white, or yellow dragon-like flowers. One could even imagine situation The Flower That Must Not Be Named - The New York Times Plant Physiol. (2003). 29, 391393. Weed Res. Food Chem. doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2004.11.001, Grenz, J. H., and Sauerborn, J. Branched broomrape has recently been detected in isolated fields in Yolo, Solano and San Joaquin counties, but the processing tomato business has a history of investing in efforts to eradicate this potentially disastrous weed. Ann. 120, 328337. Ann. Cell wall-degrading enzyme in Orobanche aegyptiaca and its host Brassica campestris. B., and Mallory-Smith, C. A. (2006) applied L-methionine in pots to tomato roots the number of broomrape seedlings that successfully developed parasitism was highly reduced. doi: 10.1051/agro:2003016, Rubiales, D., Prez-de-Luque, A., Joel, D. M., Alcantara, C., and Sillero, J. C. (2003b). Sources of natural resistance based on reduced release of haustorium-inducing factors is a doubly interesting strategy to inhibit broomrape parasitism because not only it prevents broomrape parasitism in the current crop, but also it promotes the demise of the seed bank by promoting suicidal germination. 51, 44874503. doi: 10.2135/cropsci2004.2221. doi: 10.1094/PD-89-0023, Singh, A., and Singh, M. (1993). Mmoire sur la Germination des Orobanches, Vol. This technique promotes the host plant to fulfill its required thermal time to flower in a shorter number of days, making the grain filling period shorter. The second possibility to increase rotation efficacy for broomrape control is to include catch crops, which are crops that also induce high broomrape germination but they are not resistant to it. Pest Manag. J. Bot. Ann. Crop Prot. 18 Sep 2020. (2011). (1996). Although these industry efforts are important, the most effective means to control the spread of this pest is active concern for the presence of this weed in processing tomato fields, Bagley said. doi: 10.1146/annurev.py.18.090180.002335, Musselman, L. J., and Dickison, W. C. (1975). Upon host detection, the broomrape radicle stops elongating and terminal haustorium is differentiated as an anchoring device. Role of the sucrose synthase encoding PrSus1 gene in the development of the parasitic plant Phelipanche ramosa L. (Pomel). Resistance that occurs in the central cylinder is related with accumulation of phenolic compounds in the surrounding tissues and nearby xylem vessels inducing a toxic release near the parasite impeding vascular connection (Prez-de-Luque et al., 2009). Agron. Lpez-Granados, F., and Garca-Torres, L. (1999). FIGURE 1. Nat. Strigolactone inhibition of shoot branching. The insect herbivore as a predictive model in parasitic seed plant biology. The physiology and biochemistry of parasitic angiosperms. doi: 10.1094/MPMI-10-11-0260. Kuijt, J. doi: 10.1126/science.aab1140, Dadon, T., Nun, N. B., and Mayer, A. M. (2004). Abiotic inducers of SAR thus represent an innovative approach to control broomrape parasitism. Sci. doi: 10.1614/WS-D-11-00120.1, Eizenberg, H., Colquhoun, J. The biological activity of AC-94, 377 [1-(3-chlorophthalimido)-cyclohexane-arboxamide]. In this study, the temperature-dependent relationship was developed into a predictive model based on growing degree-days (GDD) for small broomrape parasitism in red clover. doi: 10.1002/ps.1732. toria) when managed properly as a catch crop can result in up to a 30% reduction in the size of broomrape seed bank (Acharya et al., 2002). Technol. Available at: www.epa.gov/opprd001/inerts_list4Bname.pdf, Van Delft, G. J., Graves, J. D., Fitter, A. H., and Van Ast, A. Dev. (1976) by using the synthetic strigolactone analog GR7. (2007). (2008). (2005). (2005). A reduced content of broomrape germination-inducing factors in root exudates of mycorrhizal plants has been demonstrated (Lpez-Rez et al., 2011). Plant Cell Physiol. doi: 10.1614/WS-04-088R1, Gozzo, F. (2003). Bacterial inhibition of Orobanche aegyptiaca and Orobanche cernua radical elongation. Plant Cell Physiol. Analysis of resistance criteria of sunflower recombined inbred lines against Orobanche cumana Wallr. Agroecology 3, 174. The inductor potential of root exudates from a given species varies with the broomrape considered. Broomrapes are plant-parasitic weeds which constitute one of the most difficult-to-control of all biotic constraints that affect crops in Mediterranean, central and eastern Europe, and Asia. 6, 11511166. MF-A wrote the paper. Broomrape seed bank remains viable in the soil for many years until germination is triggered by the coincidence of several physical and chemical factors that are indicative of environmental conditions for successful seedling establishment: i.e., the nearby growth of a host plant in a physiological stage susceptible for broomrape invasion and subsequent parasitic reproductive growth (Linke and Saxena, 1991; Lpez-Granados and Garca-Torres, 1996, 1999). News Bull. Orobanche crenata in Sudan: history, distribution and management. 48, 93117. 48, 163168. 48, 39303934. These stages constitute sites of broomrape metabolism at which it is possible to design successful strategies to inhibit its sophisticated parasitism. It allows the parasite to quickly start tapping carbohydrates, amino acids, and organic acids from its host (Drr and Kollmann, 1995; Nandula et al., 2000; Abbes et al., 2009). Weed Res. doi: 10.1016/S0261-2194(99)00070-8, Antonova, T. S., and Ter Borg, S. J. Plant Microbe Interact. Plant Physiol. Joel, D. M., Back, A., Kleifeld, Y., and Gepstein, S. (1991). In order to achieve such synchrony they evolved mechanisms that release seed from dormancy triggering germination upon detection of specific molecules contained in host root exudates (Vaucher, 1823). Evaluation of weed eradication programs: the delimitation of extent. The host range of broomrape, in addition to tomato, covers a number of economically important rotational crops in the Central Valley: safflower, sunflower, carrot, bell pepper, several Brassica species, lettuce, several bean crops, melon, potato, olive and many common weeds, according to Bagley. Food Chem. A., Charnikhova, T., Fernandez, I., Bouwmeester, H., and Pozo, M. J. Emerged small broomrape stalks in a red clover seed production eld. doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)90779-9, Bar-Nun, N., and Mayer, A. M. (2002). Funct. Bot. Soc. This gene remains silenced during conditioning phase and its activation occurs mediated by host-encoded germination stimulants, i.e., strigolactones, only after the conditioning phase is complete. Broomrape | Infonet Biovision Home. Ann. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the (1992). J. Biocontrol Sci. Sci. Characterization of resistance in chickpea to crenate broomrape (Orobanche crenata). Mol. If this works, it will be easy to implement through the fertilizer system.. Copyright 2016 Fernndez-Aparicio, Reboud and Gibot-Leclerc. PDF Broomrape research update - ucanr.edu Semagenesis and the parasitic angiosperm Striga asiatica. 53, 107117. Plant Pathol. Red clover plants were grown in soil articially infested with small broomrape seed in temperature-con-trolled growth . doi: 10.1016/j.cropro.2010.03.004, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Garca-Garrido, J. M., Ocampo, J. (2007). broomrape and bursage relationship - cftreeservice.com Seed ultrastructure and water absorption pathway of the root-parasitic plant Phelipanche aegyptiaca (Orobanchaceae). Signalling organogenesis in parasitic angiosperms: xenognosin generation, perception, and response. Processing tomato growers are struggling to contain a potentially devastating parasitic weed that had not been seen since growers waged a successful eradication campaign four decades ago. Haustorium allows broomrape to attack crops by successive functions, first as host-adhesion organ, and subsequently as invasive organ toward host vascular system where finally establishes vascular continuity allowing the parasite to withdraw water and nutrients from the host (Riopel and Timko, 1995; Joel, 2013). 69, 463472. J. Bot. Induction of phenolic compounds in pea (Pisum sativum L.) inoculated by Rhizobium leguminosarum and infected with Orobanche crenata. Direct toxic effects by urea and ammonium but not nitrate forms inhibit broomrape seed germination and radicle elongation (Jain and Foy, 1992; Abu-Irmaileh, 1994; van Hezewijk and Verkleij, 1996; Westwood and Foy, 1999). Babiker, A. G. T., Hamdoun, A. M., Rudwan, A., Mansi, N. G., and Faki, H. H. (1987). Differential response of pea (Pisum sativum) to Orobanche crenata, Orobanche foetida and Phelipanche aegyptiaca. Second, broomrape weed exerts their damage underground right after attachment and therefore, contact herbicides applied after broomrape emergence, e.g., 2,4-D, had no effect on limiting yield loss in the current crop. Host specificity in broomrape species is usually indirectly related to the predictability of nutritive resources. Israeli researchers developed a temperature/moisture model for application of low rates of an ALS inhibitor on processing tomatoes. Several mechanisms are involved in resistance of Helianthus to Orobanche cumana Wallr. Epifagus means "upon beech," derived from "epi," upon, and "fagus," the genus of beech; virginiana refers to "Virginia.". Reduced germination of Orobanche cumana seeds in the presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi or their exudates. Keyes, W. J., Palmer, A. G., Erbil, W. K., Taylor, J. V., Apkarian, R. P., Weeks, E. R., et al. Hamamouch, N., Westwood, J. H., Banner, I., Cramer, C. L., Gepstein, S., and Aly, R. (2005). Ann. Orobanche crenata in UK- an update. The plants begin to appear aboveground in February, but the majority of emergence occurs during March and April. However, the efficacy of these molecules has been proved only in laboratory essays. Control of Orobanche aegyptiaca with sulfonylurea herbicides in tomatopolyethylene bag studies, in International Parasitic Weed Symposium, eds A. Fer, P. Thalouarn, D. M. Joel, C. Musselman, and J. Agric. FBiH - Konkursi za turistike vodie i voditelje putnike agencije. EM 8884-E Reprinted August 2008 important rotational crop in grass seed production systems. Nitrate reductase is not detectable (Lee and Stewart, 1978) and activity of glutamine synthetase is very low (McNally et al., 1983). (2007). 21, 333340. A., Sauerborn J. Eizenberg, H., Aly, R., and Cohen, Y. A role for IAA in the infection of Arabidopsis thaliana by Orobanche aegyptiaca. Soil fumigation with methyl bromide has been proved one of the most effective methods to eradicate broomrape seed bank, but this chemical has been banned from use due to its toxic effects on the environment (Joel, 2000; Hershenhorn et al., 2009). (2007b). The first mechanism involved in host specialization is displayed during broomrape germination and is mediated by the broomrape recognition of host root exudates in a species-specific manner. (1999). (2005). PLoS ONE 7:e49273. Mitochondrial DNA suggests at least 11 origins of parasitism in angiosperms and reveals genomic chimerism in parasitic plants. Careful selection of the non-host component in the intercrop is, however, required as some plant species can act as non-host facilitators and therefore increase the severity of broomrape infection in the host component (Gibot-Leclerc et al., 2013). We have seen that several opportunities to stop the cycle of the parasite have been explored. broomrape, (genus Orobanche), genus of about 150 species of parasitic annual or perennial herbs (family Orobanchaceae). Resistance of red clover (Trifolium pratense) to the root parasitic plant Orobanche minor is activated by salicylate but not by jasmonate. 65, 540545. Fluridone and norflurazon, carotenoid-biosynthesis inhibitors, promote seed conditioning and germination of the holoparasite Orobanche minor. Incorporation of sulfosulfuron and rimsulfuron directly to the soil provides successful control of preattached stages of broomrape weeds (Eizenberg et al., 2012). Glutamine synthetase isozymes of Striga hermonthica and other angiosperm root parasites. Broomrape Eradication is High Priority for UC Researchers, Branched broomrape is so destructive in tomatoes that if it is detected in a growers field, quarantine regulations require that the crop be destroyed and the field be disked under, and common sense dictates that a grower rotate out of host crops for many years, said, The host range of broomrape, in addition to tomato, covers a number of economically important rotational crops in the Central Valley: safflower, sunflower, carrot, bell pepper, several, Hanson and fellow researchers UC Davis assistant professor, Vergara presents findings on farmer-to-farmer education in Panama, Melotto named AAAS fellow for work in plant defenses against bacteria, Yasay accident report released by Davis Police, Poudel wins AAUW International Fellowship, Our leadership-Plant Sciences Executive Committee, Guidelines for Departmental GSR Annual Progress Report and Final Report, Plant Sciences Graduate Student Travel Award, Plant Sciences Teaching Assistantship (TA) Application (temporary link). Hydrogen peroxide generated by parasitic radicles activates host peroxidases that catalyze the conversion of host cell walls into haustorium-inducing quinones (Keyes et al., 2000, 2007). They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Broomrape | Description, Parasitic Plant, Pest, Species, & Facts Weed Res. 3rd class relic of the true cross. "It is a prolific seed producer. Both have red eyes and a feathery crest. Effects of environment and sowing date on the competition between faba bean (Vicia faba) and the parasitic weed Orobanche crenata. J. Bot. The metabolic activity of the seed conditioning in broomrape has been characterized in terms of patterns of respiration, synthesis and turnover of proteins, metabolism of nitrogen, carbohydrates and lipids and hormonal balance. Broomrapes are plant-parasitic weeds which constitute one of the most difficult-to-control of all biotic constraints that affect crops in Mediterranean, central and eastern Europe, and Asia. Besides arginine and aspartate, other major forms of amino acids translocate from the host phloem but they are rapidly utilized by broomrape. (2015). seed germination and radicle growth. Ann. Crop Prot. Am. The first step of conditioning promotes in the parasitic seed receptors the required sensitivity for the second step of host detection (Musselman, 1980; Kebreab and Murdoch, 1999; Lechat et al., 2012, 2015; Murdoch and Kebreab, 2013). 58, 29022907. Once ground has been infested, crop options for the field are extremely limited for a long period of time. A. S. Lpez, E. I. Martnez, T. R. Blas, M. C. Lpez, and J. P. Sestelo (A Corua: Dario Prada-Rodrguez of University of A Corua), 688. 4, 123152. Jan 07, 2016. scott lewis fox 2 detroit. Solute fluxes from tobacco to the parasitic angiosperm Orobanche cernua and the influence of infection on host carbon and nitrogen relations. Disclaimer. doi: 10.1007/BF02980855, Prez-de-Luque, A., Moreno, M. T., and Rubiales, D. (2008). The angiospermous root parasite Orobanche L. (Orobanchaceae) induces expression of a pathogenesis related (PR) gene in susceptible tobacco roots. In addition, this technique generates a considerable amount of plastic waste but the emergence of new materials at low-cost, of biological origin and biodegradable may in the future reduce earth pollution with plastic debris derived from agriculture practices (Fernandez and Ingber, 2013). Variability of interactions between barrel medic (Medicago truncatula) genotypes and Orobanche species. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3040.1999.00462.x, Hiraoka, Y., Ueda, H., and Sugimoto, Y. Pectin methylesterase in calli and germinating seeds of Orobanche aegyptiaca. Recent approaches for chemical control of broomrape (Orobanche spp.) (2002). 14, 227236. 101, 13941399. The re-emergence of branched broomrape in California is of concern to the processing tomato industry as: 1) the experience in other regions of the world has demonstrated the extreme vulnerability of tomato to branched broomrape parasitism, 2) broomrapes seem likely to rapidly establish and spread in California because of the similarity to the species' native climate, (3) repeated cultivation . 119, 585591. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. The advantage of this approach using fungi is that it can be used in absence of host cultivation (Thomas et al., 1999). Adv. doi: 10.1560/Q3BA-8BJW-W7GH-XHPX, Das, M., Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Yang, Z. In addition, their mixed traits of weed and underground pathogen, make their control tricky. Biol. broomrape and bursage relationship. doi: 10.1021/jf904247k, Evidente, A., Cimmino, A., Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Rubiales, D., Andolfi, A., and Melck, D. (2011). The broomrapes are obligate plant-parasitic plants from the genera Orobanche and Phelipanche in the Orobanchaceae family (Bennett and Mathews, 2006; Tank et al., 2006; Joel, 2009). As a consequence, except when deeply infested, the farmer (and thus the market) will not retain a solution that has economical negative drawbacks. doi: 10.1017/S0960258500002671, Lpez-Bellido, R. J., Bentez-Vega, J., and Lpez-Bellido, L. (2009). Babiker, A. G. T. (2008). Available at: www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPP/IPM/Weeds/Issues/orobanche.htm, Acharya, B. D., Khattri, B. G., Chettri, M. K., and Srivastava, X. How do nitrogen and phosphorus deficiencies affect strigolactone production and exudation? (1996). Biol. Phytochemistry 32, 13991402. Purification of pectin methylesterase from Orobanche aegyptiaca. Saghir, A. R. (1986). Crop Prot. not been previously reported. (2012). Plant Physiol. Biocontrol 47, 245277. Control 30, 212219. 3586002. (2004). 52, 10501053. buca di bacco meaning. and other fungi as biological control agents of broomrape (Orobanche ramosa). Flowchart showing major underground parasitic events developed by broomrape weeds on susceptible crops and the control strategies that successfully target them. Minimum tillage reduces the amount of viable seeds incorporated in the soil and then their capacity to reach the crop root system (Ghersa and Martinez-Ghersa, 2000; Lpez-Bellido et al., 2009). Plant Dis. Broomrape seeds are less capable to recognize crop roots colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Rhizobium leguminosarum or Azospirillum brasilense due to change in the composition of the root exudates in colonized plants (Dadon et al., 2004; Mabrouk et al., 2007a; Fernndez-Aparicio et al., 2009c, 2010b; Louarn et al., 2012). Plant Dis. Scientists Dr Chris Thorogood at the University of Oxford Botanic Garden, and Dr Fred Rumsey at London's Natural History Museum have just described a new form of a strange parasitic 'vampire' plant known as 'common broomrape'. Front. 49 239248. Symbiosis 15, 6170. Weed Sci. The haustorium and the life cycles of parasitic Orobanchaceae, in Parasitic Orobanchaceae, eds D. M. Joel, J. Gressel, and L. J. Musselman (Heidelberg: Springer Berlin), 2123. Evol. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Group 6, 1119. Recent advances in this research area has led to new, more stable strigolactone analogs and optimization of field application protocols and formulations (Bhattacharya et al., 2009; Zwanenburg et al., 2009; Mwakaboko and Zwanenburg, 2011). Ivanovi , Marisavljevi D, Marinkovi R, Mitrovi P, Blagojevi J, Nikoli I, Pavlovi D. Plant Pathol J. Many beneficial organisms are either able to survive the solarization treatment or able to recolonize solarized soil (Sauerborn et al., 1989; Mauromicale et al., 2001). Phainopepla - the mistletoe bird - Wild Mountain Echoes Nature 435, 824827. Bagley urged growers and pest control advisors to be vigilant in avoiding spread of this weed to new fields. Biol. Biocontrol Sci. Breeding for broomrape resistance stands out as the most economic, easy to adopt and environmentally friendly practice. 45, 379387. We reviewed relevant facts about the biology and physiology of broomrape weeds and the major feasible control strategies. 43, 808815. Several toxins have been identified with inhibitory activity on broomrape parasitism by interfering with broomrape germination and radicle elongation (Vurro et al., 2009; Fernndez-Aparicio et al., 2013; Cimmino et al., 2014). This effect may not be applicable to those broomrape species with preference for classes of germination-inducing factors other than strigolactones (Joel et al., 2011; Auger et al., 2012). doi: 10.1038/nature03608, Albrecht, H., Yoder, J. I., and Phillips, D. A. doi: 10.1051/agro:2001167. 89, 2327. parasitism on amino acid composition of carrot (Daucus carota L). Orobanche crenata in Ethiopia. Mediterr. B., Pron, T., Gauthier, M., Montiel, G., Veronesi, C., et al. doi: 10.1002/ps.1713. doi: 10.3732/ajb.93.7.1039, Berner, D. K., Schaad, N. W., and Volksch, B. Azospirillum brasilense is reported to inhibit broomrape radicle growth (Dadon et al., 2004). (2009). Jain, R., and Foy, C. L. (1992). doi: 10.1016/j.jplph.2010.08.011, Losner-Goshen, D., Portnoy, V. H., Mayer, A. M., and Joel, D. M. (1998). Title: Symbiosis Author: MPS Last modified by: M Created Date: 2/15/2006 2:48:56 PM Document presentation format: On-screen Show Company: MUS Other titles - A free PowerPoint PPT presentation (displayed as an HTML5 slide show) on PowerShow.com - id: 57c2dc-ODc5Z Agronomie 21, 757765. Mol. Technologies for smart chemical control of broomrape (Orobanche spp. This strategy requires a careful calibration of doses and timing depending on the host crop and underground phenology of broomrape determined by local conditions and crop (Hershenhorn et al., 1998, 2009; Eizenberg et al., 2006). Although the effect of jasmonic-acid-dependent induced systemic resistance (ISR) against parasitic plants is less clear (Kusumoto et al., 2007; Hiraoka et al., 2009; Yoder and Scholes, 2010), strains of Pseudomonas sp. The length and temperature required to promote seed conditioning depends on the broomrape species but are usually described under laboratory conditions in a range of 412 days at a temperature of 1923C, in dark and humid conditions (Kebreab and Murdoch, 1999; Gibot-Leclerc et al., 2004; Lechat et al., 2012). The role of strigolactones in host specificity of Orobanche and Phelipanche seed germination. doi: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01273.x, Seo, M., Nambara, E., Choi, G., and Yamaguchi, S. (2009). Tolerant varieties are able to endure infection with minor losses on productivity. The plants have scales in place of leaves and may be yellowish, brownish, purplish, or white in colour. When they are applied in vitro to seeds of P. ramosa and O. minor, they bypass the effect of germination-inducing factors, promoting broomrape germination in absence of host or any germination stimulant (Cala et al., 2015). doi: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.09.142, Fernandez, J., and Ingber, D. (2013). Westwood, J. H., Yu, X., Foy, C. L., and Cramer, C. L. (1998). 7, 34133420. Parasitic Weeds of the World: Biology and Control. Broomrape, commonly called Orobanche, is a genus of more than 200 species of herbaceous plants native to the temperate northern hemisphere. 19, 211236. Metabolites. Z. Planzenphysiol. Dormancy and germination of Orobanche seeds in relation to control methods, in Proceedings of a Workshop in Wageningen: Biology and Control of Orobanche, ed. Death of the young broomrape tubercles shortly after nutritive flow initiation has been observed in cultivars carrying post-haustorial resistance in the form of growth arrest and necrosis of young tubercles. Plakhine, D., Ziadna, H., and Joel, D. M. (2009). in a subterranean clover pasture. Among the reviewed strategies are those aimed (1) to reduce broomrape seed bank viability, such as fumigation, herbigation, solarization and use of broomrape-specific pathogens; (2) diversion strategies to reduce the broomrape ability to timely detect the host such as those based on promotion of suicidal germination, on introduction of allelochemical interference, or on down-regulating host exudation of germination-inducing factors; (3) strategies to inhibit the capacity of the broomrape seedling to penetrate the crop and connect with the vascular system, such as biotic or abiotic inhibition of broomrape radicle growth and crop resistance to broomrape penetration either natural, genetically engineered or elicited by biotic- or abiotic-resistance-inducing agents; and (4) strategies acting once broomrape seedling has bridged its vascular system with that of the host, aimed to impede or to endure the parasitic sink such as those based on the delivery of herbicides via haustoria, use of resistant or tolerant varieties and implementation of cultural practices improving crop competitiveness.