Since your Italian professor did not provide a study guide, you didnt study for the midterm. The processes described in this model occur at an unconscious level. Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socio-economic background. a. modeling Cognition-focused theorists would say that Johannahs depression results in large part from: The perspectives do offer hope to people suffering tragedy by asserting that we control our destiny and can make our own choices. a. existential b. humanistic c. sociocultural d. behavior-focused, 139. d. One-fourth of all treated couples eventually separate or divorce. 42. d. development of sociopathic tendencies. The perspective that religious views are defense mechanisms created by people to make life tolerable is MOST characteristic of: a. current thinking in the mental health profession. With its emphasis on abstract human values and responsibility, the humanistic-existential model does all of the following EXCEPT: If a client-centered therapist were treating a very anxious woman, the therapist would try to: show unconditional positive regard for the client's statements. What are the five psychosexual stages according to Freud? Mindfulness has been shown to be associated with improvements in which of the following? c. The client is operantly conditioned to associate sobriety with happiness. The earlier that treatment begins, the more effective it can be., https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/men-and-mental-health/index.shtml, In relation to women: Some disorders are more common in women such as depression and anxiety. This is called the absolute refractory period. They are a means of reprocessing information necessary for survival. Individuals who are in a long-term relationship. First, you can use cognitive restructuring, also called rational restructuring, in which maladaptive cognitions are replaced with more adaptive ones. d. disturbing and inaccurate assumptions and attitudes. The child learns to interact with others without yelling. She interprets this to mean that the hospital is a threatening place because it's filled with dangerous diseases. c. gestalt therapy. For more on these, visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/in-practice/201301/cognitive-restructuring. 151. A therapist who believes people often hide from their responsibilities and therefore often feel alienated, depressed, and inauthentic would MOST likely be described as: The proper conclusion from research studies that show a relationship between devout religious people who see God as warm and caring and psychological health is that: people who are more devout are also psychologically healthier. In terms of what is being reinforced, we will either reinforce responses or time. When I was about eight years old, I would walk up the street in my neighborhood, saying, Im Chicken Little and you cant hurt me. Most ignored me, but some gave me the attention I was seeking, a positive reinforcer. We describe these as primary and secondary reinforcers and punishers. Gestalt therapy is similar to mindfulness techniques in its emphasis on: Cognitive-behavioral approaches used to treat social anxiety disorder aim to: alter illogical thinking patterns and reduce avoidance behaviors. Which statement would a family systems theorist MOST likely agree with? Still, cognitive-behavioral therapies have proven their efficacy for the treatment of OCD (McKay et al., 2015), perinatal depression (Sockol, 2015), insomnia (de Bruin et al., 2015), bulimia nervosa (Poulsen et al., 2014), hypochondriasis (Olatunji et al., 2014), and social anxiety disorder (Leichsenring et al., 2014) to name a few. In terms of the biological model, neurotransmitters, brain structures, hormones, genes, and viral infections were identified as potential causes of mental illness and three treatment options were given. Why is the psychodynamic model difficult to research? Describe how the biological model explains mental illness. 37. Watson and Skinner defined behavior as what we do or say, but later behaviorists added what we think or feel. Researchers who have looked into the link between religious devotion and psychological well-being have come to the following conclusion that: So the dog now reliably salivates at the sound of the bell because he expects that food will follow, and it does. d. secondary process thought. In the classroom, we might use modeling to demonstrate to a student how to do a math problem. c. sociocultural. Really, the sky is the limit with reinforcers in particular. b. psychologically healthy people have more time and energy for religion. This person is an A student but does not like being right under the nose of the professor, especially if he/she tends to spit when lecturing. The answer is continuous. The superego is partly conscious but mostly unconscious, and part of it becomes our conscience. c. neurons. 132. Cultural factors might create a climate favorable for the development of certain disorders. The procedure in Panel C continued with the rabbit being brought a bit closer each time until, eventually, the child did not respond with distress to the rabbit (Panel D). The results of this study led him to conclude that _____ greatly affects mental illness. 2. Respondent conditioning (also called classical or Pavlovian conditioning) occurs when we link a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus that is unlearned or inborn, called an unconditioned stimulus. b. To stop some undesirable behavior you made in the past, they likely took away some privilege. After several conditioning trials, the child responded with fear to the mere presence of the white rat (Panel C). 32. This is an example of: Members of a family operate very independently of one another. Abnormal behavior in the family causes an individual to develop dual personalities: one for the public and one for at home. c. Behavior that one group would classify as abnormal may be the norm in another group. Rogers said that all people want to have positive regard from significant others in their life. If a behavior is not memorable, it will not be imitated. Is this correct? What is learning? 41. Discuss the concept of a model and identify those important to understanding psychopathology. We are more likely to model behaviors by someone who commands our attention. b. transference. There were times when something bit my foot while I was swimming, but I didn't get hurt at all. The persons true intentions or thoughts and feelings are not readily available to us, or are covert, and do not make for useful empirical data. However, men are more likely to die by suicide than women, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Schemas and cognitive errors. a. However, one afternoon I was bitten on the foot by something in the water. Each paradigm focuses mainly on one aspect of human functioning. D) Its symptoms, such as irrational beliefs, are a severe form of illogical thinking. When Mathias did not get a job for which he applied, he was sure that everything was going wrong, that his life was completely off track. According to psychoanalysts, if a patient relives past repressed feelings, that patient is said to have experienced: A patient sees a therapist to help her address her eating disorder. The biopsychosocial model states that biological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors are all equally significant ingredients in producing both normal and abnormal behavior.. This represents the individual pairings of a feared object or situation and relaxation. Which of the following is NOT a weakness of the biological model of abnormal behavior? As a result, he developed a positive and generous attitude toward the world. She is constantly looking to friends and family members for help with these decisions and gets anxious when she has to decide alone. So, if there are 10 objects/situations in the list, the client will experience ten such pairings and eventually be able to face each without fear. In terms of operant conditioning, strategies include antecedent manipulations, prompts, punishment procedures, differential reinforcement, habit reversal, shaping, and programming. b. c. abnormality arises from an interaction between predisposition and stress. Respondent conditioning. This information is passed to the nervous system due to the process of transduction and through sensory or afferent neurons, which are part of the peripheral nervous system. Robin struggles to make decisions about romantic partners, jobs, and even what to wear. According to psychoanalysts, if a patient relives past repressed feelings, that patient is said to have experienced: a. repression. d. Bandura. Note the plural form of dendrite and the singular form of axon; there are many dendrites but only one axon. Hence, we advocate for a multi-dimensional and not a uni-dimensional model. A psychologist from which background would agree MOST strongly with this statement? 116. As such, he continues to steal her toys. The BEST explanation for this trend is that these theories: focused on a positive message and living a meaningful life. When treating religious patients, it is recommended that mental health professionals: encourage clients to use spiritual resources that aid with coping. Existential therapy is used to treat substance abuse, excessive anxiety, apathy, alienation, nihilism, avoidance, shame, addiction, despair, depression, guilt, anger, rage, resentment, embitterment, purposelessness, psychosis, and violence. You're likely receiving a message that encourages you to question your own interpretations and the accuracy of those interpretations. Hmm. The _____ model proposes that humans must have an accurate self-awareness and live meaningful lives to be psychologically well adjusted. When the individual is accepted as they are, they receive unconditional positive regard and become a fully functioning person. A man has cheated on his partner and he feels very guilty, but soon he begins to make excuses, saying that his partner has nagged him for years. 2.3.2.1. Neural transmission. A therapist who describes her client as someone who has yet to fulfill his or her full potential, rather than as someone with a disorder, is MOST likely what kind of theorist? Additionally, you might have wondered if the person or animal will try to make the response again in the future even though it stopped being reinforced in the past. With this knowledge, a plan is developed and consists of numerous strategies to act on one or all these elements antecedent, behavior, and/or consequence. c. moderate to severe mental illness and a coexisting developmental disorder. She published many short stories; a play called Womens Rights, in which she criticized the economic and sexual exploitation of women; and wrote a book in 1900 called The Jewish Problem in Galicia, in which she blamed the poverty of the Jews of Eastern Europe on their lack of education. 2.3.2.5. Within the context of psychopathology, the behavioral perspective is useful because explains maladaptive behavior in terms of learning gone awry. The paradigm, or model, adopted by people in the Middle Ages to explain abnormal behavior was the _____ model. It consists of the brain and spinal cord. A theorist who believes that the multicultural perspective is the correct way to think about abnormality comes from which paradigm? Once the electrical impulse has passed from one segment of the axon to the next, the neuron begins the process of resetting called repolarization. The force that is in control in this example is the: The brain stimulation technique that uses an electromagnetic coil placed on or above a person's head to send electrical current into certain areas of the brain is called: The objective of the Human Genome Project was to: Abnormal chemical activity in the body's endocrine system relates to the release of: During a meeting, Shonda's manager asks her to free associate about her coworker's performance. Explain the need for a multi-dimensional model of abnormality. Ego-defense mechanisms are in place to protect us from this pain but are considered maladaptive if they are misused and become our primary way of dealing with stress. The patient might change the subject, stop talking, or lose his/her train of thought. The _____ model of abnormality pays particular attention to the client's family structure, societal norms, and the client's roles in society. Also, many treatment techniques have been developed and proven to be effective over the years. Regret orientation Focusing on what you could have done better in the past rather than on improving now. c. working to change unacceptable thoughts. More on that over the next two sections. b. cultural deprivation that is characteristic of some groups. c. intellectualization. d. sociocultural. In terms of the latter, some symbols are linked to the person specifically, while others are common to all people. I bet the bad behavior ended too. If the rat pushes the lever again sometime in the future and food is delivered, the behavior spontaneously recovers. 143. Operant conditioning. b. self theory. For more on these techniques, visit http://cogbtherapy.com/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-exercises/. They then realize their worth as a person but also that they are not perfect. In explaining why women are diagnosed with anxiety disorders and depression twice as often as men, multicultural therapists would focus on: a. the biological differences between men and women. Describe the role of bacterial and viral infections in mental illness. b. insight. c. consciousness, unconsciousness, and instincts. b. a distorted view of the self. It handles the CNSs input and output and divides into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Males have X and Y chromosomes while females have two Xs. If we are angry at someone, we may engage in physical or relational aggression to alleviate this stimulation. These words have no affective connotation to them, meaning they do not imply good or bad. It influences blood pressure, thirst, contractions of the uterus during childbirth, milk production, sexual behavior and interest, body growth, the amount of water in the bodys cells, and other functions as well. See Figure 2.5 for an overview of Pavlovs classic experiment. Based on related research, we would expect this person to have a _____ number of offline friends and to _____ share information with them. The MOST likely consequence of having acquired conditions of worth is: a. social isolation. Defense mechanisms include the following: For more on defense mechanisms, please visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/fulfillment-any-age/201110/the-essential-guide-defense-mechanisms. This form of behavior therapy is widely used in clinical, business, and classroom situations. b. b. resistance. There will be some variability in terms of what symptoms are displayed, but in general, all people with a specific psychopathology have symptoms from that group. The problem with this approach is that mental disorders are not typically caused by a solitary factor, but multiple causes. Once free, the cat was allowed to eat some food before being promptly returned to the box. b. existential. c. psychosurgery. Racial and ethnic minorities must contend with prejudice, discrimination, racism, economic hardships, etc. First, Freud made most of his observations in an unsystematic, uncontrolled way, and he relied on the case study method. How so? Recognizing the signs that you or someone you love may have a mental disorder is the first step toward getting treatment. What if? Dont worry. Shonda responds by changing the subject. 40. Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to: a. genetic make-up. The genes responsible for anxiety disorders or related psychological patterns are the same genes that once helped our ancestors survive and reproduce. Messages moving from neuron to neuron must cross tiny spaces called: a. dendrites. b. working through. You are doing your best. The four main models to explain psychological abnormality are the biological, behavioural, cognitive, and psychodynamic models. The disadvantages should outweigh the advantages and help you to end the struggle and accept what is unknown. If we stop providing the food pellets, in time, the rat will stop pushing the lever. In the business setting, a model or trainer demonstrates how to use a computer program or run a register for a new employee. d. people who are more devout are also psychologically healthier. b. humanistic-existential. Which model is MOST likely to suggest using free association to uncover unconscious processes? All forget that there is no individual model that completely explains human behavior, or in this case, abnormal behavior, and so each model contributes in its own way. 2.2.2.2. You immediately focus all of your energy on the financial implications of your partner's departure and ways to save money. For more information on psychotropic medications, please visit: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/mental-health-medications/index.shtml. c. It is full of abnormal evolutionary principles. 72. The pairing must occur more than once so that needless pairings are not learned such as someone farting right before your food comes out and now you salivate whenever someone farts (at least for a while. b. map, or sequence, genes. 75. 94. Some commonly used strategies include cognitive restructuring, cognitive coping skills training, and acceptance techniques. The cognitive model of panic disorder focuses on misinterpretations of. a. having the patient engage in activities that elicit anxiety b. prescribing an antidepressant medication such as paroxetine c. teaching the patient how to effectively challenge negative thoughts d. encouraging the patient to cultivate relationships with others who have similar anxieties. See Figure 2.4 below. A psychodynamic therapist would consider this an example of: A patient's initial reaction to being told she has a sexually transmitted infection (STI) is to insist that the nurse made a mistake with the test. The sociocultural model has contributed significantly to our understanding of the nuances of mental illness diagnosis, prognosis, course, and treatment for other races, cultures, genders, ethnicities. For social skills training, identify the appropriate social behavior such as making eye contact, saying no to a request, or starting up a conversation with a stranger and determine whether the client is inhibited from making this behavior due to anxiety. Hormonal imbalances. The perspective is overly precise. c. operant conditioning. Stimulants are generally effective and produce a calming effect. Module Overview. a. Sociocultural; biological b. Psychodynamic; existential c. Humanistic; cognitive-behavioral d. Cognitive-behavioral; psychodynamic. b. behavior-focused therapists. The response re-emerges. If a client is being guided to challenge irrational thinking and to try out new interpretations, the client is MOST likely being treated by a follower of: a. Rogers. This thought is an example of: Which statement is NOT an appropriate criticism of the sociocultural model? How does the humanistic perspective approach psychopathology? Despite Freuds generalization, his theory was based on only a few patients. 140. David Rosenhan sent pseudopatients to a mental hospital, where they pretended to be disturbed. In the case of borderline personality disorder, many people report experiencing traumatic life events such as abandonment, abuse, unstable relationships or hostility, and adversity during childhood. During the time-out, no one interacts with the child. b. psychoanalysis. b. early childhood trauma. Finally, respondent conditioning has several properties: 2.3.2.3. Western society was in turmoil in the 1960s and 1970s, which led to the rise of humanistic and existential therapies. Neurotransmitters will only bind to their specific receptor sites, much like a key will only fit into the lock it was designed for. The drug causes severe vomiting if a person drinks alcohol while taking the drug. a. psychodynamic b. sociocultural c. cognitive-behavioral d. humanistic-existential, 9. d. There is no one theoretical approach used in couple therapy. The three parts of personality generally work together well and compromise, leading to a healthy personality, but if the conflict is not resolved, intrapsychic conflicts can arise and lead to mental disorders. 95. a. psychodynamic b. cognitive c. humanistic-existential d. behavioral. Like schemas, the attributions we make can lead us astray.
Nicole Beckwith Security, Why Did Bill Bellis Leave Fox 32 News, Wayne Silk'' Perry Died, When To Clean Budgie Nesting Box, Hillsborough County Warrant Inquiry, Articles W