A different but compatible accounting is offered in David Vine, Base Nation: How U.S. Military Bases Abroad Harm America and the World (New York, 2015). of 1783 following military victory, Purchased from France Daniel Immerwahr, The Greater United States: Territory and Empire in U.S. History , Diplomatic History, Volume 40, Issue 3, June 2016, Pages 373391, https://doi.org/10.1093/dh/dhw009, March 1954 is a month diplomatic historians know well. Herbert E. Bolton, The Epic of Greater America, American Historical Review 38, no. following military victory; $15 million plus 3.25 million in assumed claims, Unincorporated territory claimed under Guano Act of 1856, Unincorporated territory annexed under Guano Act of 1856; In the rest of the theater, it occurred on December 8th. What we rarely acknowledge is how much territory the U.S. also held by the wars end. The comparison is enlightening. The figure I have given for the black population attempts to account for black people throughout the Greater United States, not just on the mainland. Those examples are merely suggestive. It is one of the longest serving continuously operating offices in the Office of the Secretary of Defense and has been recognized for the excellence of its publications and programs for over a half century. 45. Then there is the Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos High School in the mass-produced suburb of Levittown. . %PDF-1.5 Reasoning with a racist logicthe initial cases were decided by the same court that decided Plessy v. Ferguson it concluded that the bulk of the territories were unincorporated into the political body of the United States. This was an intellectually transformative event. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. Congress rejected the proposal, though, partly to avoid the prospect of Indian representatives in the Capitol. United States territorial acquisitions - Ballotpedia But he grew disillusioned and turned against the U.S. government, becoming, in the words of J. Edgar Hoover (who held him under surveillance for three decades), the guiding light of Puerto Rican nationalism. Why do you think so many of these new possessions were islands located in the Pacific Ocean? Today, we are in a similar position. United States Maps: Acquisition of Territory; Expansionism 35. A helpful overview of the significance of the colonies for the mainland is Alfred W. McCoy, Francisco A. Scarano, and Courtney Johnson, On the Tropic of Cancer: Transitions and Transformations in the U.S. Imperial State, in McCoy and Scarano, Colonial Crucible , 333. U.S. It is generally held to be an illegal act. a convenience, and may not be complete or accurate. Bouda Etemad, Possessing the World: Taking the Measurements of Colonisation from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Century , trans. Citations are generated automatically from bibliographic data as Maps of United States - Growth of Nation - University of South Florida 1848. On December 29, 1845, Texas became the 28th state. There is a K-8 school named after him in Harlem: P.S. On Hawaiian statehood in this regard, see Sarah Miller-Davenport, State of the New: Hawaii Statehood and Global Decolonization in American Culture, 19451978 (Ph.D. We have been so long used to regard the United States as an extent of country reaching from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, and bounded on the north by the British possessions and on the south by the Mexican Republic, remarked the Attorney General, that it requires almost a wrench to take us out of our old habits of thought and accustom us to the fact that our domain on the north reaches to within the Arctic Circle; that we have the Sandwich Islands [Hawaii]; that we have the vast Philippine Archipelago. 14, Cartographers, eager to showcase the new dimensions of the country, rushed to publish new maps. 1857-1904 - Other Gains in the Pacific The United States government intervened in other parts of the Pacific at the same time that events played out in the Spanish-American War. 8. United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904 United States The threewestern territories, overseas territories, and foreign basesfit together in overlapping but chronologically distinct arcs. The map is color-coded to show the territory of the original United States and the Northwest Territory (1783), the Louisiana Purchase (1803), the area acquired from Britain in 1818 west of the Lake of the Woods, Florida in 1819, the annexation of Texas in 1845, the . Besides the histories of military bases listed above, exemplary studies of small spaces include Ron Robins examination of embassies and cemeteries in Enclaves of America: The Rhetoric of American Political Architecture Abroad, 19001965 (Princeton, NJ, 1992); John Lindsay-Polands portrait of San Jose Island in Emperors in the Jungle: The Hidden History of the U.S. in Panama (Durham, NC, 2003), ch. Bicknell, E. (1904) The territorial acquisitions of the United States, -1904, an historical review. With that, the United States was no longer a union of states alone but an amalgam of states and territories , which it has been ever since. Boston, Small, Maynard & company, 1904. It was, in the Pacific, a war over colonies. It set the Philippines free. With time, Indian Territory was whittled down to Oklahoma. For a very long time, in fact. The independent United Stated flirted with the idea of annexing Cuba from the time of Thomas Jefferson's' administration. Annexation of independent republic. More recent work that explores the subordinated status of western territories includes Earl S. Pomeroy, The Territories and the United States, 18611890: Studies in Colonial Administration (Philadelphia, PA, 1947); Whitney T. Perkins, Denial of Empire: The United States and Its Dependencies (Leyden, 1962); Jack Ericson Eblen, The First and Second United States Empires: Governors and Territorial Government, 17841912 (Pittsburgh, PA, 1968); Andrew R. L. Cayton, The Frontier Republic: Ideology and Politics in the Ohio Country, 17801825 (Kent, OH, 1986); Peter S. Onuf, Statehood and Union: A History of the Northwest Ordinance (Bloomington, IN, 1987); Peter J. Kastor, The Nations Crucible: The Louisiana Purchase and the Creation of America (New Haven, CT, 2004); Gary Lawson and Guy Seidman, The Constitution of Empire: Territorial Expansion and American Legal History (New Haven, CT, 2004); Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow, eds., The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion, 18031898 (Lanham, MD, 2005); and Go, Patterns of Empire . At upper left margin: No. Swains Island was annexed in 1925 (occupied since 1856), . Following are the historical territorial acquisitions of the United States : For information on internal territorial acquisitions, see List of U.S.-Native American treaties . 1, Number of Inhabitants (Washington, DC: 1942), 12.6% of the population of the Greater United States lived in the overseas territories. Available also through the Library of Congress Web site as a raster image. Theodore Friend writes that at least 500,000 Filipinos, 300,000 Japanese, and 40,000 mainlanders were killed in Between Two Empires: The Ordeal of the Philippines, 19291946 (New Haven, CT, 1965), 267. The many islands claimed by the United States but not listed in the census (all uninhabited) are not included. 5 (2015): 927-42, and the more familiar story of Indian reservations. Albizu presents something of a puzzle. 529,189. James R. Blaker, United States Overseas Basing: An Anatomy of the Dilemma (New York, 1990), 33. 1 0 obj Territories with no indigenous populations, such as Wake Island, are listed as unpopulated, although the United States often stationed military outposts on them. The books in this collection are in the public domain and are free to use and reuse. The highest office in the U.S. Army is chief of staff, established in 1903. Why were so many new possessions located in the Pacific Ocean? It may be done because the neighboring urban areas seek municipal services or because a city seeks control over its suburbs or neighboring unincorporated areas. United States--History, - endobj That is the same number that the American Historical Review has published. 286,541. Between 1857 and 1903, the US acquired many new territorial possessions 41. Includes notes and statistics table including population and distances. William Appleman Williams, Empire as a Way of Life (New York, 1980). The final map in the series showed the United States full territorial extent. They are maintained, not through informal influence, but through legal agreements, formal incursions onto the sovereignty of host nations. We are seeing within the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations (SHAFR) a surge of interest in the many spaces that the United States has controlled outside of its mainland. 12. 15. 27. The Greater United States is not my term. But I do not think that is reason for U.S. historians to exclude the territories from their analyses and stick to the mainland. Paul V. McNutt, address at Beta Theta Pi Fraternity, November 27, 1946; McNutt, P.V., Correspondence and Speeches, 194546 folder, box 7, Office of the High Commissioner of the Philippine Islands, Records of the Washington, DC, Office, 194246, Records of the Office of Territories, Record Group 126, National Archives and Records Administration. Though the overseas basing system shrank considerably in the immediate aftermath of the Second World War, the United States held onto hundreds of bases. Sectionalism map of the united states; The more states followed Virginias lead, the larger the non-state territory grew. The literature on U.S. empire is truly voluminous. The turn-of-the-century literature: Gilson Willets and Margaret Hamm, Greater America: Heroes, Battles, Camps (New York, 1898); Greater America in Picture and Story: The Army, the Navy, and Our New Possessions (Chicago, IL, 1898); David Jayne Hill, Greater America (Washington, DC: 1898); Great Northern Railway Company, Greater America: A Brief Description of the New Pacific Colonies and How to Reach Them (St. Paul, MN, 1899); Charles Morris, The Greater Republic: A New History of the United States (New York, 1899); Greater America: The Latest Acquired Insular Possessions (Boston: 1900); George Campbell, The Greater United States of America, or, the United States in Destiny (Topeka, KS, 1904); Archibald Ross Colquhoun, Greater America (New York, 1904); Ralph D. Paine, The Greater America (New York, 1907). 1853. Still, empire continues to guide our inquiries. The most thorough account of Hawaiian martial law is Harry N. Scheiber and Jane L. Scheiber, Bayonets in Paradise: A Half-Century Retrospect on Martial Law in Hawaii, 19411946, University of Hawaii Law Review 19 (1997): 477648. 6. 44, The United States has shifted away from the large land annexations of the nineteenth century to an empire consisting largely of islands and overseas bases: a pointillist empire. Consider Williamss Empire as a Way of Life , a 226-page survey of U.S. imperial ambitions that engages in no substantive discussion of any overseas territory. For too long, historians, like cartographers, have accepted the logic of the Insular Cases . United States--Foreign relations, - Why has this figure, who seems so immediately fascinating, not part of mainstream U.S. historiography? Zone in Germany (17,174): figures from October 1946 census reported in The Demography of War: Germany, Population Index 14 (1948): 299; Continental United States (132,481): Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970 (Washington, DC: 1975), part I, 8. Shattuc, W. B. PDF Chapter 10 Jimmy M. Skaggs, The Great Guano Rush: Entrepreneurs and American Overseas Expansion (New York, 1994), 199. The Senate approved the treaty of purchase on April 9; President Andrew Johnson signed the treaty on May 28, and Alaska was formally transferred to the United States on October 18, 1867. They shot five Congressmen, nearly killing one. Congress approved the annexation of Texas on February 28, 1845. Map of A map of the United States showing the territorial acquisitions up to the Gadsden Purchase in northern Mexico in 1853. Surely, hundreds of thousands of Filipinos died in the war. Stephen Hunter and John Bainbridge, Jr., American Gunfight: The Plot to Kill Harry Trumanand the Shoot-Out That Stopped It (New York, 2005), 266. currently an unorganized, unincorporated U.S. territory under Palin herself twice attended Alaska Independence Party conventions. 10. Arguments for U.S. Leadership Task 2 7. Search for other works by this author on: The Author 2016. 29 Its remarkable, in fact, how many key figures in U.S. history sojourned in the overseas territories. Available also Peabody, M. M. (Moody Morse) - Peabody, M. M. Wall map. % Get Your Custom Essay on, United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904 United States positions (with date of acquiunion) 1047 Spheres of Influence 36. United States--Territorial expansion. In World War I, inspired by Wilsonian rhetoric of self-determination, Albizu served as a First Lieutenant in the U.S. Army. Texas. The country's first and largest territorial acquisition was the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 for $10 million; it nearly doubled the landmass of the original 13 states. See, for example, James C. Fernald, The Imperial Republic (New York, 1899); Alpheus H. Snow, The Administration of Dependencies: A Study of the Evolution of the Federal Empire, with Special Reference to American Colonial Problems (New York, 1902); and Willis Fletcher Johnson, A Century of Expansion (New York, 1903). endobj But they are not the whole of it. 3 (1933): 44874. Thus, in these cases of partial annexation, I use 1803 as the start date for LA, MN, ND, SD, MT, OK, and WY; 1845 as the start date for CO and NM; and 1848 as the start date for AZ. Manua was annexed in 1904, then added to American Samoa. Bicknell, Edward. 8. This purchase ended Russia's presence in North America and ensured U.S. access to the Pacific northern rim. 27. 4. Islands. Calculated from figures in Franklin K. Van Zandt, Boundaries of the United States and the Several States (Washington, DC, 1966), 26264 and Thomas Donaldson, The Public Domain: Its History, with Statistics (Washington, DC, 1884), 8788. ",#(7),01444'9=82. 32. 10 It is true that many of the currentinsular possessions of the United States are extraordinarily small (Wake Island: population 150; Swains Island: population 17). The territorial acquisitions of the United States, -1904, an historical review. following military victory; independent in 1946, Annexed following military victory over Spain, Annexed in settlement with Britain 1856; under the jurisdiction of the U.S. 22. We typically say that the end of the war left the United States in a global position of economic and political supremacy. Value of merger and acquisition deals in the United States from 2006 to 3rd quarter 2022 (in billion U.S. dollars) Premium Statistic Number of M&A deals in the U.S. 2000-2021 But that assumption is becoming increasingly hard to hold. But moving it into the non-state column changes little. The Jackson administration proposed carving out a large portion of Indian Territory for eventual admission to the union as an all-Indian state. (Lincoln, NE, 1984), esp. <> (To annex is to join a new territory to an existing country.) Annexation of independent republic. Includes Sandwich Islands inset, world map inset, statistical tables, notes, and ill. They appeared frequently at the front of atlases or as the main maps of the United States in textbooks. Counting Negroes on the mainland, American Samoa, Hawai'i, U.S. Virgin Islands, and Alaska; nonwhites in Puerto Rico; Negro and Negro-mixed in the Panama Canal Zone; and no one in the Philippines and Guam (for which racial breakdowns were not incorporated into the U.S. census) places U.S. blacks at 8.85% of the population. 19. To speak only of formal acquisitions, explained Thomas McCormick, was just an intellectual game that the previous generation of historians had played to avoid confronting the centrality of American expansion to U.S. history. 7 Once one looked beyond colonies to the informal empire, the expansive force of the United States became apparent. More about Copyright and other Restrictions. Purchase from Mexico following military victory; $15 million plus 3.25 million in assumed claims. Fish and Wildlife Service, Purchased from Spain for $20 millon following 2. After all, many groups have contested U.S. rule, from Southern confederates to black nationalists. 32 And it included the internment of Alaska Natives from the Aleutian Islands by the U.S. government. . independent as Kiribati For a sustained engagement by a Wisconsin-School historian with formal imperialism, see Walter LaFeber, The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective , rev. I am here counting Washington, D.C., among the states, even though it is a district, not a state, and lacks the full rights that states have. * I am grateful to Alvita Akiboh, Michael Allen, Daniel Bessner, Brooke Blower, Michael Falcone, John Immerwahr, Julia Irwin, Aaron OConnell, Andrew Preston, Daniel Sargent, and the Huntington Library Long-Term Fellows Working Group for their thoughts on this essay and to Christopher Capozzola for introducing me to the term Greater United States.. Dorr v. United States , 195 U.S. 138, 155 (1904) (Harlan, J. M., dissenting). stream The organization consisted of several groups of adventurers for hire that acted more or less independently under the company's charter. Cover-title. A key enabling move made by Williams and the Wisconsin School that continued his ideas was to refuse to limit discussion of empire to a discussion of colonies. References [ edit] ^ "Milestones: 1801-1829 - Office of the Historian". McCormick, interview with James G. Morgan, quoted in Morgans Into New Territory: American Historians and the Concept of US Imperialism (Madison, WI, 2014), 76. August R. Ohmans 1904 pocket map, highlighting the expansion of the United States, feautures a world map, top inset. 18 Its worth noting, though, that Bolton himself was shaped by the 1898 moment. At the same time, the Greater United States expanded through occupationsthe Japanese, South Korean, German, and Austrian occupations all extended into the postwar period. Acquisition: An acquisition is a corporate action in which a company buys most, if not all, of another firm's ownership stakes to assume control of it. Prime meridians: Washington, D.C. and London. chapter 20 pre,post,exam Flashcards | Quizlet 29, September 1, 1949, 3; American Samoa (16): American Samoa Statistical Digest (Pago Pago: 1994), 17; Guam and Micronesia (35 together): Hal Friedman, Creating an American Lake: United States Imperialism and Strategic Security in the Pacific Basin, 194547 (Westport, CT, 2001), 122; U.S. 11 Nearly thirteen percent of its populace lived in its overseas colonies. The territorial acquisitions of the United States, 1787-1904, an historical review, Names Bicknell, Edward. Relief shown by hachures and spot heights. Nevertheless, the broad point that the continental and extra-continental populations were roughly equal holds under any reasonable accounting. To the story of the United States attempt to encompass Indians within its territorial framework should be added the story of the United States grappling with self-constituted Indian polities, on which see Brian DeLay, Indian Polities, Empire, and the History of American Foreign Relations, Diplomatic History 39, no. and Germany, Leased from Panama The question of territory was there from the start. Gift; Howard Roscoe; 1997. 52, July 27, 1951, 3; Panama Canal Zone (46): Current Population Reports , Series P-25, No. Albert Bushnell Hart and Herbert E. Bolton, Hart-Bolton History Maps (Chicago, IL, 1917), map A24. Expansion . And for the U.S. nationals who inhabited those colonies, it was a traumatic affair. You notice that Pearl Harbor was not just an isolated attack on one patch of U.S. soil but a blitzkrieg directed at U.S. and British colonial holdings in the Pacific. Pdf. 31. Because my calculation does not include states that were never territories, it excludes (1) the original thirteen states, (2) states that were carved out of existing states (KY, ME, WV), and (3) independent republics that were admitted as states (TX, VT). The zip has the lab results and etc. 203. 4. 36. In 1947, the Mariana Islands, Caroline Islands, and Marshall Islands became the most recent U.S. territorial acquisitions, as of August 2021. Not in the sense of endorsing the Courts opinion, but in adhering to the Courts understanding about what parts of the United States are in the country and what parts arent. The United States of America : including all its newly acquired territory. Following the United States' annexation of the Philippines, _____ led a revolt against the U.S. that resulted in more U.S. casualties than the number who . According to U.S. Bureau of the Census, Reports on Population, Sixteenth Census of the United States: 1940 , vol. Or jump ahead to the 2008 presidential election, which pitted Barack Obama, a Hawaiian (born shortly after Hawaii became a state), against John McCain, a Zonian (i.e., born in the Panama Canal Zone), and Sarah Palin, the governor of Alaska. Nationalism waxed, imperialism waned. 21. The territorial acquisitions of the United States, 1787-1904, an On the Insular Cases and the legal questions of empire see especially Christina Duffy Burnett and Marshall Burke, eds., Foreign in a Domestic Sense: Puerto Rico, American Expansion, and the Constitution (Durham, NC, 2001); Christina Duffy Burnett, Untied States: American Expansion and Territorial Deannexation, University of Chicago Law Review 72 (2005): 797879; Bartholomew H. Sparrow, The Insular Cases and the Emergence of American Empire (Lawrence, KS, 2006); Kal Raustiala, Does the Constitution Follow the Flag? By then, it had reclaimed its Pacific colonies from Japan. Growth of Imperialism Neil Smith, American Empire: Roosevelts Geographer and the Prelude to Globalization (Berkeley, CA, 2003), 16. Yet Williamss school regarded 1898 as symptomatic rather than substantive: the small and visible tip of a much larger imperial iceberg. But it is still a significant figure. in 1999, Purchased from Denmark It featured a clean division between home front and battlefield and left the United States largely unscathed, with the sole and notable exception of the attack on Hawaii at Pearl Harbor. diss., University of California, Berkeley, 2014). If you have any questions please let me know.! silhouette was completed in 1853, with the Gadsden Purchase. 34. America Acquires Alaska Secretary of State William Seward arranged for the purchase of Alaska from Russia Showed U. S. Imperialism Also made it clear to the rest of the world that the U. S. was becoming a world power. Historians have rightly come to understand such sovereignty challenges as important components of U.S. history rather than as foreign episodes that lie outside the purview of the United States. turkey stuffed with rice and meat; boil water advisory near me 2021 ^ a b c d e f g h i j World Atlas. 24. Relief shown by hachures. First attempt to open the Mississippi LC Civil War maps (2nd ed. In 1898, the rush of imperial expansion encouraged a new understanding of the United States as the Greater United States. Sources and figures (in thousands): South Korea (17,917), the Philippines (18,228), and Japan (76,224): Maddison Project Database, January 2013 update, Groningen Growth and Development Centre, www/ggdc.net/maddison ; Hawaii (815), Alaska (138), Puerto Rico (2,071), and the U.S. Virgin Islands (27): Current Population Reports , Series P-25, No. 3 Albizu founded Puerto Ricos Army of Liberation in the 1930s. The extraordinary maps they made showed the United States as it had become, not a contiguous mass but rather an empire with global reach. The writers who used these terms were, by and large, champions of empire. 25 And the pattern continued: as older territories became states, new annexations brought new territories into the polity. In other words, if you looked up in late 1945 and saw the stars and stripes waving overhead, it was more likely that you lived in a colony or occupied country than that you lived on the mainland. Histories of the United States are, by and large, histories of the logo map. 30. under Adams-Ons Treaty, Purchase from Mexico following American-Mexican War; A detailed account, based on interviews with two of the shooters, is Manuel Roig-Franzia, A Terrorist in the House, Washington Post , February 22, 2004. The same builders who built the famous New York and Pennsylvania suburbs constructed a planned community in Puerto Rico. Our narratives register not only the black experience but, moreover, the ways in which the changing position of African Americans drove key episodes in national history. 5 0 obj The present historiographical preoccupation with U.S. empire is usually dated to 1959, the year that William Appleman Williamss The Tragedy of American Diplomacy was published. Alaska 1867 secretary of state William Seward buys this from Russia for 7.2 billion in gold-- called Sewards Folley Hawaii 1898 important coaling station and source of sugar, the McKinley tariff states that we have to pay tariff for sugar, so we overthrow the queen. 29,670. Greater United States: Territory and Empire in U.S. History 26. Please see attached document for assignments needed. In that decade, his followers bombed numerous federal buildings (including the governors mansion) and assassinated Puerto Ricos chief of police. Id like to propose a different unit of analysis, one that counts all of the land over which the United States claims sovereignty as part of the country, and as part of its history. The country claimed 94 such islands, nearly all in the Caribbean and Pacific, by 1903. Please read and follow the lab r, Internet Research Of 6 Ids And 6 Vulnerability Management And Assessment Tools 1 Some constitutional aspects of territorial expansion. 37. From what I see coming down the dissertation pipeline, were going to see a lot more. Baker Island Howland Island . After Albizu went to prison, his supporters held a march in Ponce, Puerto Rico, and were gunned down by the police. This is a United States territorial acquisitions and conquests list, . commonwealth status as Federated States of Williams and the many historians working in his long shadow have always happily acknowledged the colonies that the United States took. Its common in our field to emphasize the year 1898 and the war with Spain. It languished as a territory for 104 years between annexation and statehood. Like United Kingdom, it applies merely to the central and dominating body, the seat of empire; and Greater America comprises almost as wide a range of governments as Greater Britain itself. 17. California filled with whites and transitioned from military rule to statehood in two years. 20. I jokingly describe this to my students as the Menacing Eagle School of History, after the many books in this vein whose covers depict eagles attacking the globe. Andrene Everson (New York, 2007), 131. It also added to its colonial holdings in 1947 with the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands: technically a trusteeship administered by the United States on behalf of the United Nations, but held under a unique arrangement that allowed the UN almost no effective oversight. - Two weeks before Dien Bien Phu, four nationalists entered the House of Representatives in Washington, D.C., made their way to the upstairs Ladies Gallery, unfurled a Puerto Rican flag, pulled out pistols, and fired 29 rounds into the body politic below them. For a comparable historiographical concept, see Gary Wilders notion of Greater France in The Imperial Nation-State: Negritude and Colonialism Humanism between the Two World Wars (Chicago, IL, 2005).